As anyone who is learning English will know, you will have come across the fact that English seems to be missing a way to address more than one person directly. But does it really? Is there a plural of ‘you’? Is ‘you’ plural?

History

Old English – a plethora

To answer this question, we need to look back into English’s history when it was still firmly Germanic. As one would expect, Old English resembled something closer to Modern German than it does to Modern English. Old English had five different noun cases: nominative (subjects), accusative (direct objects), dative (indirect objects), genitive (possessive), and instrumental (an object used to achieve something else). Modern German has dropped the instrumental case but retains the other four.

If we look at the word ‘you’ in Modern English, we use it for subjects: ‘You went to the beach’. You can use it for direct objects: ‘I love you’. Finally you can use it for indirect objects: ‘I gave you the ball/I gave the ball to you’. However if we look at how people spoke English before the Norman Conquest, we see a much wider variety:

As you can see from this table, Old English had four cases and three different numbers. They were singular, dual (2), and plural (3+). Note: the þ (called the ‘thorn’) is pronounced like the ‘th’ sound in ‘this’. It bears resemblance to the German ‘d’ sound (such as ‘du’, ‘dich’, ‘dir’, ‘deiner’) used for the second person singular form. The ƿ (called the ‘wynn’) is a /w/ sound.

Middle English – fewer pronouns

With the Norman Invasion of Great Britain, or the time when French really started to have an influence on English, we can see a shift in the language, including:

• the import of thousands of Latin words
• moving from the flexible sentence order inherent in Germanic languages to a stricter, Latin-influenced structure
• the parallel nature of Germanic/French words in the English language (e.g.  pig/pork, chicken/poultry, calf/veal, cow/beef, sheep/mutton, wood/forest, house/mansion, worthy/valuable, etc.)

Here we can see the second person pronouns used during this time:

We can see here that the singular pronouns did not change much while the plural ones have changed radically. Why is this?

After the Norman Conquest – thee, thou, you and ye

After the Invasion, French nobles who came with William the Conqueror became the aristocracy of England. The language of the upper echelons, formerly Old English, became French while the people’s language remained Old English. To refer to someone of a higher social status than you, they would have to use the formal form. In French, the plural form also works for formal situations, so the same was adopted in England. A peasant speaking to a lord would use ‘ye’. Fast forward to around the 1400s (think Chaucer) and the two languages have mixed into Late Middle English. All official documents with the exception of Church documents (still used Latin) and legal documents (in legal French) are in this new language.

As you can also see in the chart below, Middle English had lost the Genitive case by this time. Instead it uses a possessive pronoun that is called a ‘possessive case’, although it really isn’t a case in the true sense. At the same time, the accusative and dative objects (for all instances) became the same. Note: Modern English still has something called the ‘Saxon Genitive’ or “possessive s”. This is where we use the ‘s at the end of words resembling Old English. Some adverbial genitives also didn’t die out with the rest of the genitive case – words such as ‘once’ and ‘afterward(s)’.

To simply the chart (including transliteration to the modern alphabet) from Wikipedia to only look at the Nominative and Accusative cases (Subject and Object, which are the ones today that uses the same word), we have:

Here it is easier to see that the modern ‘you’ comes from the second person plural form. I mentioned this before; it was used by people for higher status than yourself. Over time, people started using it with strangers too.

Modern English

Early Modern English (think Shakespeare) kept these Middle English pronouns (i.e. “Shall I compare thee to a fine summer’s day?”) while going through the Great Vowel Shift. Around the 17th century, the other forms faded away in many English speaking locales and ‘you’ reigned supreme over the second person subjects and objects. In some locales, these forms have clung on. In western Ireland, for example, it is common to ask ‘how are ye guys doing’.

In addition to “ye”, there are also various forms still used across the English-speaking world predominantly either with or instead of “you”, such as yous, youse, you all, y’all, all of you, all y’all, you ones, youns, yinz and many more! However in the classroom, it is unlikely that learners will hear these forms as they are usually restricted to regions and/or dialects.

Just in ENglish – or is it?

Perhaps somewhat surprisingly (or perhaps not depending on your viewpoint), this phenomenon has happened in other languages as well. In Brazilian Portuguese, the second person informal faded in favour of the formal ‘você’ for subjects. The informal, ‘tú’, is for God or, in some dialects, to loved (amorous love) ones.

In Spain, the opposite seems to be happening. The use of Usted and Ustedes (formal singular and plural) is also falling out of use in everyday speech in favour of ‘tú’ and ‘vosotros/vosotras’ (informal singular and gendered plurals). The end effect may turn out to be the same: using only one form for the second person singular and plural forms.

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