Perched on a hilltop in the heart of Malta, Mdina, the ancient fortified city known as the “Silent City,” invites travellers to step back in time and explore its storied past. With its labyrinthine streets, grandiose baroque cathedrals and tranquil atmosphere, Mdina offers a unique glimpse into Malta’s rich historical tapestry. As you wander through its narrow cobblestone alleys and marvel at its well-preserved architecture, you’ll uncover the layers of history that have shaped this enchanting city over the millennia. Experience the timeless charm of Mdina, a city where history and tranquility converge to create an unforgettable travel experience.

The Rich Historical Tapestry of Mdina

Mdina’s history is a fascinating journey through time, reflecting the diverse civilizations that have shaped its character and architecture. This ancient city, with roots extending over 4,000 years, stands as a testament to the myriad cultures that have left their mark on Malta.

Early Beginnings: The Phoenician and Roman Eras

Mdina’s story begins around 700 BC when the Phoenicians established the first settlement. The Phoenicians, skilled seafarers and traders from the region of present-day Lebanon, recognised the strategic advantage of Mdina’s elevated location. Perched on a hilltop, Mdina provided an excellent vantage point for overseeing the surrounding lands and the sea, making it a natural choice for fortification.

As the Phoenicians settled, they fortified the city, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Malta. They named it Maleth, meaning “shelter” or “place of refuge.” This was indicative of the city’s primary function as a safe haven for the Phoenician settlers.

When the Romans took control of Malta around 218 BC, they further enhanced and expanded Mdina’s fortifications. Under Roman rule, the city was renamed Melite. The Romans introduced their architectural styles and urban planning concepts, which included the construction of public buildings, villas and intricate road systems. Melite thrived as a center of Roman culture and administration and it became known for its sophisticated urban layout and infrastructure, such as the intricate system of water cisterns and reservoirs that supplied the city.

One of the most significant remnants from the Roman period is the Domvs Romana, a lavish Roman townhouse that once stood on the outskirts of Mdina. Excavated in the early 20th century, it has revealed exquisite mosaics and artifacts that offer a glimpse into the opulence of Roman life in Mdina. The influence of Roman architecture and urban design set the stage for the city’s continued development, making this period a foundational chapter in Mdina’s long and varied history.

Medieval Transformations: Byzantine and Arab Influences

Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Mdina came under Byzantine rule. The Byzantines, with their rich cultural and architectural heritage, introduced new elements to the city’s already diverse landscape. However, the Byzantine period in Mdina was relatively short-lived compared to other eras, lasting until the Arab conquest in 870 AD.

The arrival of the Arabs marked a profound transformation in Mdina’s architecture, urban planning and culture. The Arabs, known for their advancements in science, mathematics and architecture, implemented several significant changes. They fortified Mdina further, reducing its size to make it more defensible. This strategic decision involved dismantling parts of the old city and focusing on a smaller, more manageable area that could be better protected against invaders.

The Arabs introduced a new urban design characterised by narrow, winding streets. This layout was not only a defensive measure but also helped provide shade and coolness, a practical solution to the harsh Mediterranean sun. These streets, with their labyrinthine design, continue to define Mdina’s unique character today.

During the Arab period, the city was renamed Mdina, derived from the Arabic word “medina,” meaning “walled city” or “town.” The Arabic influence extended beyond architecture and urban planning to include cultural and intellectual contributions. The Arabs brought with them advanced knowledge in various fields, including agriculture, which led to improved irrigation techniques and the introduction of new crops and farming practices.

This era also saw the introduction of various aspects of Islamic culture and learning, which blended with the existing Christian and Roman traditions. The legacy of the Arab period is still evident in Mdina’s architectural details, including the use of intricate stone carvings and decorative motifs that reflect Islamic artistic influences.

The Norman and Medieval Periods

In 1091, the Normans, led by Count Roger I, captured Malta from the Arabs, marking the beginning of the Norman period. The Normans, originating from what is now France, brought with them a distinct architectural style and a new wave of fortification efforts. They saw the strategic importance of Mdina and focused on strengthening its defenses to protect against potential invasions.

The Norman period was characterised by the construction of robust fortifications and the introduction of Norman architectural elements. One of the most significant additions from this period was the building of the city’s fortifications and bastions, some of which still stand today. These fortifications were designed to withstand sieges and attacks, reflecting the turbulent times and the need for strong defensive structures.

During this era, Mdina continued to serve as the administrative and political center of Malta. The city became a residence for the island’s nobility, who built grand palaces and mansions within its walls. These buildings showcased the wealth and power of the Norman rulers and the Maltese nobility, contributing to the city’s architectural splendor.

The original St. Paul’s Cathedral, constructed during the Norman period, was a centerpiece of religious and community life in Mdina. Although it was later rebuilt in the Baroque style after an earthquake in 1693, the cathedral’s origins date back to this medieval period. The Norman influence is also evident in other buildings and structures within Mdina, including the Norman House, which remains one of the oldest surviving examples of Norman architecture on the island.

The medieval period saw Mdina thriving as a hub of activity, culture and governance. Its strategic location and strong fortifications made it a key stronghold during various conflicts and sieges, including the medieval battles between the Christian and Muslim forces in the Mediterranean. The city’s resilience and ability to adapt to changing rulers and cultures highlight its significance throughout Malta’s history.

The Knights of St. John and the Baroque Era

The arrival of the Knights of St. John in 1530 marked another significant chapter in Mdina’s history. The Knights, a military and religious order, were given control of Malta by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. They initially established their base in Mdina, recognizing its strategic importance and historical significance.

Although the Knights eventually moved the capital to Valletta in 1571, Mdina remained a vital administrative and religious center. The period of the Knights’ rule brought a new era of prosperity and cultural development to Mdina. The city underwent a transformation, with many medieval buildings being rebuilt or renovated in the grand Baroque style that characterises Mdina today.

The Baroque era, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, saw significant architectural and artistic developments in Mdina. One of the most prominent examples is the reconstruction of St. Paul’s Cathedral. After the devastating earthquake of 1693, which destroyed the original Norman cathedral, the Knights commissioned renowned Maltese architect Lorenzo Gafà to design a new cathedral. The result was a magnificent Baroque masterpiece, completed between 1696 and 1705, featuring an opulent interior with exquisite frescoes, marble works and a stunning dome.

In addition to St. Paul’s Cathedral, many other buildings in Mdina were either constructed or renovated in the Baroque style during this period. The city’s palaces, churches and public buildings were adorned with elaborate facades, intricate stone carvings and grandiose architectural elements that reflected the Baroque aesthetic. This transformation enhanced Mdina’s beauty and solidified its reputation as a center of art and culture.

The Knights of St. John also invested in the fortifications of Mdina, ensuring the city’s defenses were modernised to withstand contemporary military threats. The fortifications were strengthened and expanded, incorporating the latest advancements in military engineering. These efforts ensured that Mdina remained a formidable stronghold and a symbol of the Knights’ power and influence in Malta.

Modern Times: Preserving the Silent City

Despite the passage of time and the march of modernization, Mdina has retained its historic charm and character. Efforts to preserve its architectural heritage have ensured that the city remains a living museum, offering visitors a window into Malta’s rich and varied history.

In the modern era, Mdina has become a popular destination for tourists and history enthusiasts from around the world. Its well-preserved medieval and Baroque architecture, combined with its tranquil atmosphere, makes it a unique and captivating place to visit. The city’s narrow, winding streets, free from the hustle and bustle of modern traffic, provide a serene environment that invites leisurely exploration.

Preservation efforts have focused on maintaining the integrity of Mdina’s historic buildings and structures. Conservation projects have been undertaken to restore and protect the city’s architectural treasures, ensuring that they can be enjoyed by future generations. These efforts have included the restoration of key landmarks such as St. Paul’s Cathedral, the Mdina Gate and various palaces and churches within the city.

Mdina’s status as a UNESCO World Heritage site has also played a crucial role in its preservation. This designation has helped raise awareness about the importance of protecting Mdina’s cultural and historical heritage. It has also facilitated access to resources and funding for conservation projects, ensuring that the city’s unique character is preserved.

Today, Mdina stands as a testament to the island’s resilience and the enduring legacy of the civilizations that have shaped it. Visitors to Mdina can explore its rich history through a variety of cultural and historical attractions, including museums, guided tours and historical reenactments. These experiences provide a deeper understanding of the city’s past and its significance in Malta’s history.

From its Phoenician origins to its Baroque splendor, Mdina’s history is a tapestry woven with the threads of many cultures, each contributing to the unique and timeless charm of this silent, yet profoundly eloquent city. As you wander through its streets and immerse yourself in its history, you will discover the stories and secrets that have made Mdina a cherished and unforgettable destination.

Mdina and Game of Thrones: A Perfect Medieval Backdrop

Mdina’s enchanting medieval ambiance and well-preserved architecture have not only made it a popular tourist destination but also an ideal filming location for historical dramas. One of the most notable productions to utilise Mdina’s stunning backdrop is the critically acclaimed TV series Game of Thrones. The show, known for its intricate storylines, complex characters and breathtaking settings, found in Mdina the perfect locale to bring its fantasy world to life.

Filming King’s Landing

In the first season of Game of Thrones, Mdina was used to represent parts of King’s Landing, the capital of the Seven Kingdoms. The city’s ancient stone walls, narrow cobblestone streets and historic buildings seamlessly blended into the show’s medieval and fantasy aesthetic. Key scenes were shot in various locations within Mdina, showcasing the city’s unique charm and historical authenticity.

Mdina Gate: An Iconic Entrance

The Mdina Gate, also known as Vilhena Gate, is one of the primary landmarks featured in Game of Thrones. This baroque gateway, constructed in 1724 by Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, served as the perfect setting for the show’s depiction of a grand medieval city entrance. Its robust structure and detailed stonework offered a visual representation of the power and history inherent in the capital of the Seven Kingdoms.

In the series, the gate is prominently featured as the backdrop for several key moments, including the initial arrival of the royal family. The sight of King Robert Baratheon, accompanied by members of House Stark and his entourage, passing through the gate, left a lasting impression on viewers and highlighted Mdina’s timeless allure.

Impact on Tourism

The association with Game of Thrones has significantly boosted Mdina’s profile as a tourist destination. Fans of the series flock to the city to walk in the footsteps of their favourite characters and experience the world of Westeros firsthand. This influx of visitors has provided a boost to the local economy, with guided tours and themed merchandise becoming popular attractions.

Tour companies have capitalised on the show’s popularity by offering specialised Game of Thrones tours, which take visitors to various filming locations within Mdina and the surrounding areas. These tours often include detailed narratives about the scenes filmed at each location, behind-the-scenes anecdotes and insights into the production process. For many fans, these tours are a highlight of their visit to Malta, allowing them to immerse themselves in the fantasy world they have come to love.

Preserving Mdina’s Authenticity

Despite the increased tourism and attention from Game of Thrones fans, Mdina has managed to preserve its serene and historical atmosphere. Local authorities and preservationists work diligently to maintain the city’s architectural integrity and prevent commercialization from overshadowing its historical significance. The balance between welcoming visitors and preserving the city’s authentic charm is carefully managed to ensure that Mdina remains a living museum of Malta’s rich past.

A Lasting Legacy

The use of Mdina in Game of Thrones has left a lasting legacy on both the city and its visitors. For Mdina, the show provided an opportunity to showcase its stunning beauty and historical importance to a global audience. For fans, Mdina offered a tangible connection to the fantastical world of Westeros, bringing to life the places they had previously only seen on screen.

Mdina’s role in Game of Thrones highlights the city’s enduring appeal as a filming location and a tourist destination. Its timeless beauty and historical significance continue to captivate visitors from around the world, ensuring that Mdina remains a cherished and unforgettable part of Malta’s cultural heritage.

Experiences for everyone

Has this post peaked your interest in a trip to Malta? Good because I will also definitely be going back! One of the tools that I use when travelling is GetYourGuide, which connects excursion and experience providers with travellers like us! Here are some excursions and experiences available in Mdina:

Culinary Delights in Mdina: A Feast for the Senses

Mdina, known for its rich history and serene atmosphere, is also a haven for food enthusiasts. The city offers a variety of dining options that cater to diverse tastes, from traditional Maltese cuisine to international dishes. The culinary scene in Mdina is characterised by its use of fresh, local ingredients and its celebration of Malta’s culinary heritage. Here are some of the must-visit spots and culinary highlights that Mdina has to offer:

Traditional Maltese Cuisine

Maltese cuisine is a delightful fusion of Mediterranean flavors, influenced by the island’s long history and diverse cultural influences. In Mdina, several restaurants serve traditional Maltese dishes that reflect this rich culinary heritage.

1. Rabbit Stew (Stuffat tal-Fenek): Often considered Malta’s national dish, rabbit stew is a hearty and flavorful meal. The rabbit is slow-cooked with garlic, wine, tomatoes and herbs, resulting in tender, succulent meat that is bursting with flavor. Many restaurants in Mdina offer their unique take on this classic dish, often accompanied by crusty bread and roasted potatoes.
2. Pastizzi: These savory pastries are a popular Maltese snack made from flaky pastry filled with ricotta cheese or mushy peas. While typically found in bakeries and snack bars, some cafes in Mdina serve fresh pastizzi, making them a perfect treat to enjoy while exploring the city.
3. Ftira: A traditional Maltese sandwich made with a circular, leavened flatbread, ftira is typically filled with tuna, capers, olives, tomatoes and other fresh ingredients. It’s a simple yet delicious meal that showcases the freshness and quality of local produce.

Quaint Cafés and Tea Gardens

Mdina’s picturesque setting and tranquil atmosphere make it an ideal place for leisurely dining. The city is home to several quaint cafés and tea gardens that offer a relaxed dining experience with stunning views and delightful treats.

1. Fontanella Tea Garden: Perched on the bastions of Mdina, Fontanella Tea Garden is famous for its panoramic views over the Maltese countryside. The café is renowned for its homemade cakes and pastries, particularly the chocolate cake, which is a favorite among locals and tourists alike. In addition to sweet treats, Fontanella offers a variety of light meals, including sandwiches, salads and traditional Maltese snacks. I can also recommend this place if you would just like to have a glass of wine. I ended up having a Bric Royale, which is a sparkling rose wine with a tasty cherry and passion fruit liquor. It was delicious!
2. Palazzo de Piro: This elegant café and cultural venue is housed in a historic palazzo and offers a serene setting for enjoying a meal or a cup of coffee. The menu features a selection of gourmet sandwiches, salads and desserts, all made with fresh, high-quality ingredients. The outdoor terrace provides a beautiful backdrop for dining, with views of the surrounding countryside.

Fine Dining Experiences

For those seeking a more refined dining experience, Mdina offers several fine dining restaurants that combine exquisite cuisine with the city’s historic charm.

1. Bacchus Restaurant: Located within the ancient city walls, Bacchus Restaurant offers a unique dining experience in a historical setting. The restaurant is housed in an ancient bastion, with stone walls and vaulted ceilings creating an intimate and atmospheric ambiance. The menu features a blend of Mediterranean and Maltese flavors, with dishes such as grilled octopus, braised beef and fresh seafood. Bacchus also boasts an extensive wine list, with a selection of local and international wines to complement the meal.
2. de Mondion Restaurant: Situated within the Xara Palace Relais & Châteaux, de Mondion is one of Mdina’s most prestigious dining establishments. The restaurant offers a sophisticated menu that highlights seasonal ingredients and contemporary Maltese cuisine. Dishes are beautifully presented and include options such as foie gras, duck breast and locally sourced fish. The restaurant’s terrace offers stunning views of the island, providing a perfect setting for a romantic dinner or a special celebration.

Wine and Dine

Malta’s wine culture is an integral part of its culinary scene and Mdina offers several opportunities to sample the island’s best wines. Local vineyards produce a variety of wines, including reds, whites and rosés, made from both indigenous and international grape varieties.

1. Maltese Wine: Restaurants in Mdina often feature local wines on their menus, providing an excellent opportunity to taste the unique flavors of Maltese wine. Varieties such as Ġellewża (red) and Girgentina (white) are native to Malta and offer distinct flavors that reflect the island’s terroir.
2. Wine Bars: Mdina is home to a few cozy wine bars where visitors can relax and enjoy a glass of wine in a charming setting. These wine bars often offer a selection of local and international wines, along with small plates and appetizers that complement the wine-tasting experience.

Sweet Treats and Desserts

No culinary journey through Mdina would be complete without indulging in some of the local desserts and sweet treats. Maltese desserts often feature ingredients such as honey, almonds and citrus, reflecting the island’s agricultural produce.

1. Imqaret: These traditional Maltese pastries are filled with a sweet date mixture and deep-fried until golden and crispy. Imqaret are often enjoyed with a cup of coffee or tea and can be found in bakeries and cafes throughout Mdina.
2. Kannoli: Inspired by the Sicilian cannoli, the Maltese version (kannoli) is a delightful treat made from fried pastry dough filled with sweet ricotta cheese, often flavored with orange zest or chocolate chips. Kannoli are a popular dessert in Mdina’s cafes and restaurants, offering a perfect blend of creamy and crunchy textures.

Getting to Mdina

From Valletta to Mdina

Valletta, Malta’s capital, is well-connected to Mdina by various modes of transportation, making the journey convenient and straightforward.

By Bus: Malta’s public transport system is efficient and cost-effective. Several bus routes connect Valletta to Mdina directly. The main bus routes you can take include:

• Route 51: Valletta to Rabat (Mdina)
• Route 52: Valletta to Rabat (Mdina)
• Route 53: Valletta to Rabat (Mdina)

These buses depart from the Valletta Bus Terminal, which is located just outside the city gate. The journey takes approximately 30-40 minutes, depending on traffic. Buses run frequently, with services typically available every 15-30 minutes during peak times. A single ticket costs around €2.00 in the summer and €1.50 in the winter, valid for two hours.

By Taxi: Taxis are a convenient and comfortable way to travel from Valletta to Mdina. Taxis can be found at various stands throughout Valletta, including near the bus terminal and main tourist areas. The journey by taxi takes about 20-25 minutes, depending on traffic, and costs approximately €20-€25. It’s advisable to agree on the fare with the driver before starting your journey or to use a metered taxi service.

By Car: If you prefer the flexibility of driving, renting a car is a good option. The drive from Valletta to Mdina takes around 20-25 minutes. Simply follow the signs for Rabat/Mdina. Parking is available just outside Mdina’s city walls, in designated parking areas. The parking is usually free, but it can get busy during peak tourist times, so arriving early is recommended.

By Tour: Many tour companies offer guided tours to Mdina from Valletta. These tours often include transportation, a guided tour of Mdina, and sometimes additional stops at other nearby attractions, such as the Dingli Cliffs or St. Paul’s Catacombs. This option is ideal for those who prefer a structured visit with informative commentary.

From St Julian’s to Mdina

St Julian’s, known for its vibrant nightlife and beautiful coastal views, is another popular base for visitors to Malta. Getting to Mdina from St Julian’s is also straightforward and can be done via several transport options.

By Bus: There are direct bus routes from St Julian’s to Mdina, providing an affordable and convenient way to travel. The main bus routes you can take include:

• Route 202: St Julian’s to Rabat (Mdina)
• Route 203: St Julian’s to Rabat (Mdina)

These buses depart from various stops around St Julian’s, including the main bus stop in Spinola Bay. The journey takes approximately 45-60 minutes, depending on traffic. Buses run regularly, with services typically available every 30-45 minutes. A single ticket costs around €2.00 in the summer and €1.50 in the winter, valid for two hours.

By Taxi: Taxis are readily available in St Julian’s, especially near the main hotels and tourist areas. The journey to Mdina by taxi takes about 25-30 minutes, depending on traffic, and costs approximately €25-€30. As with Valletta, it’s advisable to agree on the fare with the driver before starting your journey or to use a metered taxi service.

By Car: Renting a car offers flexibility and convenience. The drive from St Julian’s to Mdina takes around 25-30 minutes. Follow the signs for Rabat/Mdina, and you’ll find parking available just outside Mdina’s city walls. Parking is usually free, but it can fill up quickly, so it’s best to arrive early.

By Tour: Guided tours to Mdina from St Julian’s are widely available and often include transportation, a guided tour of Mdina, and additional stops at nearby attractions. This option is perfect for those who prefer an organized and informative visit.

Additional Tips for Visiting Mdina

• Comfortable Footwear: Mdina’s streets are cobbled and uneven, so wearing comfortable footwear is recommended for exploring the city.
• Sun Protection: Malta’s sun can be strong, especially in the summer months. Bring a hat, sunscreen, and water to stay protected and hydrated.
• Early Arrival: Mdina can get busy, especially during peak tourist seasons. Arriving early in the morning can help you avoid the crowds and enjoy a more peaceful experience.

With its rich history, stunning architecture, and tranquil ambiance, Mdina is a destination that should not be missed. Whether you choose to travel by bus, taxi, car, or tour, getting to Mdina from Valletta or St Julian’s is straightforward, allowing you to focus on enjoying all that this remarkable city has to offer.

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